Principles and Applications of Vaccine Design Based on Immune Regulatory Networks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62051/vmtajp24Keywords:
Immune Regulatory Network; Vaccine Design; Adjuvant; Delivery System.Abstract
Vaccinology is shifting from empiricism to rational design rooted in the immune regulatory network. Here we dissect how this network—dendritic cells, T/B lymphocytes, cytokines and their spatiotemporal interactions—can be selectively reprogrammed to control the magnitude, quality and persistence of vaccine responses. After mapping the cellular and molecular checkpoints that decide protection versus tolerance, we show how this insight directs (i) adjuvant selection targeting specific PRR—cytokine axes, (ii) platform engineering (viral vectors, mRNA-LNP, VLPs, sustained-release carriers) that governs antigen delivery and cross-priming, and (iii) structure-guided immunogen design focusing responses on vulnerable neutralizing epitopes. We outline emerging challenges: inducing durable mucosal and memory immunity, overcoming pre-existing immunity, and breaking tolerance for cancer or autoimmune indications. Integrating multi-omics with next-generation adjuvants will accelerate clinical translation of precision vaccines.
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