Transactions on Materials, Biotechnology and Life Sciences
Transactions on Materials, Biotechnology and Life Sciences (TMBLS) aims to publish peer-reviewed proceedings from conferences in all fields of materials science and technology, chemical and pharmaceutical sciences, biotechnology, life sciences.
The Relationship Between Diet And Cardiovascular Diseases And The Application Of Dietary Patterns In Treatment
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death worldwide, with diet playing a major role in their development and prevention. In recent years, growing research has highlighted the importance of overall dietary patterns, rather than isolated nutrients, in influencing heart health. Studies have shown that diets rich in whole foods, healthy fats, and plant-based ingredients can significantly reduce cardiovascular risk, while diets high in sugar and processed foods increase it. However, gaps still exist regarding the long-term effects of certain diets and how individual differences affect outcomes. This paper analyzes how macronutrients and micronutrients impact cardiovascular health and examines three major dietary patterns: the Mediterranean diet, the ketogenic diet, and the low-carbohydrate diet. It also reviews how dietary interventions are applied in clinical practice, discusses the benefits of combined strategies, and outlines current challenges in promoting lasting dietary change. The findings of this paper reinforce the vital role of healthy eating in preventing heart disease and suggest that flexible, sustainable dietary patterns are more effective than restrictive approaches. This work provides a reference for future research aiming to optimize dietary strategies for different populations. However, questions remain about personalized nutrition and long-term adherence. Future studies should focus on tailoring diets based on individual genetic, metabolic, and lifestyle factors to achieve better cardiovascular outcomes.
Cardiovascular diseases, Mediterranean diet, Ketogenic diet, Low-carbohydrate diet.
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Computational Optimization Of Purmorphamine-Derived Small Molecule Modulators Targeting The Secretin Receptor (SCTR) For Antihypertensive Therapy
Hypertension remains a global health problem. Although existing treatments (such as ACE inhibitors, β-blockers, etc.) are widely available, their side effects and patient compliance issues limit the therapeutic effect. Therefore, the development of new small molecule drugs is particularly important. This study targets pancreatic cholinergic receptors (SCTR), which play an important role in vasodilation and blood pressure regulation and have the potential to become a new target for antihypertensive drugs. In this study, based on the small molecule compound puromorphamine, the structure was optimized by computer-aided drug design method, combined with ADMET prediction and structure-activity relationship analysis (SAR), and the candidate compound KSD179019 was obtained. The results of virtual screening and molecular docking showed that the optimized molecule had good receptor binding ability and pharmacokinetic properties, reflecting its application prospects as a potential antihypertensive drug. Although no in vitro or in vivo experiments have been conducted, this study provides a theoretical basis for subsequent experimental verification and also demonstrates the great potential of artificial intelligence technology in new drug research and development, especially in the acceleration of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) target drug development.
Hypertension; secretin receptor (SCTR); structure-based drug design.
Engineering Strategies And Therapeutic Applications Of In Vivo Anti-Tumor Gene Delivery Platforms
Gene therapy for cancer has received extensive attention in recent years. Adeno-associated virus (AAV), messenger RNA delivered by lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNP), and oncolytic viruses (OVs) are the three most actively studied delivery platforms. The three have different advantages in anti-tumor factor expression, immune activation, and targeting ability. Current research has made positive progress in animal models and preclinical experiments, but there are still obvious challenges in delivery efficiency, targeting control, and safety. This article systematically analyzes the engineering optimization strategies of the three types of gene therapy, including capsid modification and promoter regulation of AAV, lipid screening and surface engineering of mRNA-LNP, and targeted diffusion mechanism and immune enhancement design of OVs. The results show that these delivery platforms can achieve more efficient tumor targeting and therapeutic gene expression through engineering means. The study provides comprehensive theoretical support and technical reference for future cancer gene therapy, but problems such as off-target effects, immunogenicity, and clinical transformation efficiency still need to be solved. Future work can focus on the construction of individualized delivery platforms and multi-therapy synergistic strategies to achieve more precise, safe, and broad-spectrum tumor treatment effects.
Gene Therapy Vectors; AAV (Adeno-associated Virus); mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs); Oncolytic Viruses (OVs); Cancer Immunotherapy.
Current Status Of Immunotherapy For Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is one of the common gynecological malignancies that threaten women's health. Its etiology is complex, among which persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main pathogenic factor. Due to the lack of obvious early symptoms, many patients are already in the middle and late stages when diagnosed. Although conventional chemotherapy can alleviate the disease, some patients will still experience recurrence or metastasis, indicating that the existing treatment methods are still limited. In recent years, immunotherapy technology has been continuously improved, especially the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has provided a new direction for the treatment of cervical cancer. This article systematically reviews the common treatment methods and emerging immunosuppressive treatment strategies for cervical cancer, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, anti-angiogenic therapy and bispecific immunoconjugates, and discusses their basic principles, mechanisms of action and drug side effects. Although some immunotherapy regimens have shown certain efficacy in clinical practice, existing studies are still insufficient in terms of drug diversity and mechanism interpretation. In the future, more new immunosuppressive drugs and treatment methods need to be further developed to improve the prognosis and survival rate of patients with cervical cancer.
Cervical cancer (CC), treatment, immune system.
Principles and Applications of Vaccine Design Based on Immune Regulatory Networks
Vaccinology is shifting from empiricism to rational design rooted in the immune regulatory network. Here we dissect how this network—dendritic cells, T/B lymphocytes, cytokines and their spatiotemporal interactions—can be selectively reprogrammed to control the magnitude, quality and persistence of vaccine responses. After mapping the cellular and molecular checkpoints that decide protection versus tolerance, we show how this insight directs (i) adjuvant selection targeting specific PRR—cytokine axes, (ii) platform engineering (viral vectors, mRNA-LNP, VLPs, sustained-release carriers) that governs antigen delivery and cross-priming, and (iii) structure-guided immunogen design focusing responses on vulnerable neutralizing epitopes. We outline emerging challenges: inducing durable mucosal and memory immunity, overcoming pre-existing immunity, and breaking tolerance for cancer or autoimmune indications. Integrating multi-omics with next-generation adjuvants will accelerate clinical translation of precision vaccines.
Immune Regulatory Network; Vaccine Design; Adjuvant; Delivery System.
In Vivo CAR-T Therapy: The Transformational Leap Toward Affordable and Safer Cancer Immunotherapy
In vivo CAR-T therapy is revolutionizing oncology since it entails modifying a patient's T cells in situ, as opposed to the costly and lengthy ex vivo manufacturing process usually associated with traditional CAR-T therapy. This revolutionary approach utilizes lipid nanoparticles (LNP) or engineered viral vectors (e.g., AAV/LV) to deliver CAR genetic payloads directly to endogenous T cells, greatly reducing production costs while bypassing complex logistics such as leukapheresis and cell shipment. More importantly, it can dramatically lower life-threatening toxicities; early trial data show cytokine release syndrome (CRS) compared with traditional CAR-T, with rapid deployment. By redirecting tissue-resident memory T cells to deliver payloads that counter-tolerize this target (e.g., IL-12, anti-PD-1), it overcame the immunosuppressive barrier created by solid tumor microenvironments, achieving approximately 80% complete remission in relapsed B-ALL. With lyophilized "off-the-shelf" LNPs providing worldwide access (even in resource-restricted settings), this paradigm shift could have turned CAR-T from a boutique therapy into a scalable, less expensive "living drug" that promises to democratize cancer care worldwide.
Immunotherapy; Tumor, Autoimmune disease; CAR-T; invivo CAR-T.
Development of a PLA-b-PEG Drug Delivery Carrier Design Framework and ROS pH Responsive Methotrexate Carriers for RA
Methotrexate (MTX) remains the first-line treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but its clinical use faces substantial challenges due to poor water solubility and systemic side effects. To address these limitations, this study develops a framework for designing polymer-based drug delivery carriers by investigating the relationship between polymer parameters, self-assembly behavior, and pharmacokinetic properties of PLA-b-PEG block copolymers. A multiparameter analysis examined the effects of block ratio, crystallinity (PLLA vs. PDLLA), polymer architecture (triblock vs. 4-arm), and solvent conditions on nanoaggregate morphology and drug release kinetics. Six PLA-b-PEG copolymers were synthesized and characterized using ¹H NMR, GPC, and TEM. Self-assembly via co-solvent methods generated diverse morphologies, which were explained using critical packing parameter theory and Hansen solubility parameters. Drug loading efficiency ranged from 32.5% to 61.81%, with capacity reaching up to 18.54%. Release kinetics followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, revealing molecular weight-dependent trends. From these findings, a retrosynthetic design framework was established to link polymer parameters to desired therapeutic outcomes. Two optimized formulations were developed for RA treatment, PLLA₃.₄ₖ-PEG₅ₖ-PLLA₃.₄ₖ and 4-arm PEG₅ₖ-PLLA₃.₆ₖ. Notably, the 4-arm architecture demonstrated better performance with 83.0% drug loading efficiency compared to 73.3% for linear. Both formulations responded synergistically to reactive oxygen species (ROS) conditions, demonstrating their ability to target inflamed locations (63.73% faster release under combined acidic pH 6.5/H₂O₂), and exhibited excellent biocompatibility (<0.3% hemolysis). Functionally, both formulations displayed significant anti-inflammatory efficacy, reducing key cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) by 45-65% and promoting a shift in macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 phenotypes.
Targeted Drug Delivery; Rheumatoid Arthritis; Methotrexate Treatment; Block Copolymer; Self-Assembly.
A Personalized Aerobic Exercise Intervention for Chinese Adolescents with Congenital Heart Disease: A Methodological Framework for a Three-Year Longitudinal Study
The population of adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) is expanding. With medical advances, the group of people who survive to adolescence with CHD continues to grow. In China, the challenges are further magnified by a sedentary lifestyle as a result of academic pressures and parental over-protection, underscoring how timely exercise interventions that are both safe and efficacious are needed. To meet this need, this paper presents a methodological framework for a three-year longitudinal study aimed at assessing an individualized aerobic exercise intervention. Methods/Design: The proposed study is a single-arm pre-post intervention and will recruit a target sample size of 1,000 Chinese adolescents (ages 15-18 years) who have been diagnosed with CHD. The intervention is guided by the FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type) principle which prescribes 150 min/week of aerobic exercise at the individualized intensity level defined according to both Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) and Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE). The primary outcome will include the changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) scores. This study protocol will close this gap by providing a written, evidence-based and culturally relevant exercise protocol rather than just general advice. Although conducted as a foundational study, the research is intended to draw information on whether and how exercise can be safely applied to individuals with this condition aiming at improved clinical care for the vulnerable population. The results likely will affect future edits of clinical guidelines.
Congenital Heart Disease; Exercise Intervention; Adolescents; Study Protocol.
Genetic evidence supporting the causal link between optic neuritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Background: Previous studies have observed an association between optic neuritis (ON) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the causal relationship between these two conditions remains ambiguous. This study aimed to explore the causal effect between ON and RA using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Methods: Summary statistics for RA (14,361 RA cases and 43,923 healthy controls (HCs)) and ON (582 cases and 217,491 HCs) were obtained from an available meta-analysis of published genome-wide association studies (GWAS).Bidirectional MR was performed using inverse-variance weighting, MR-Egger regression, and weighted-median analysis. Additionally, sensitivity tests including the leave-one-out analysis, MR-PRESSO, and Cochran’s Q test were conducted to assess the robustness and validity of the results. Results: The presence of ON may increase the risk of RA by 5.1% genetically (OR = 1.051, 95%CI: 0.003-0.100; p = 0.039). Sensitivity analyses provided no indications of heterogeneity (Cochran’s Q = 3.173, p = 0.787) or pleiotropy (intercept of 0.015, p = 0.533). No strong evidence that RA had a causal effect on ON risk (OR = 0.937, 95%CI: 0.830-1.057; p = 0.292). Sensitivity analyses provided no indications of heterogeneity (Cochran’s Q = 100.438, p = 0.081) or pleiotropy (intercept of 0.028, p = 0.091). Conclusion: This study provides genetic evidence suggesting that ON may contribute to the development of RA. These findings have potential implications for the management of RA.
Rheumatoid Arthritis, Optic Neuritis, Genome-Wide Association Study, Causal relationship.
Research on Transdermal Penetration of Rotigotine Transdermal Patchng
The transdermal penetration behavior of drugs is a core link in the research and development of transdermal drug delivery systems, and its efficiency directly affects the in vivo absorption and therapeutic effect of drugs. The selection and processing of skin have an important impact on studying the transdermal penetration behavior of drugs. This study aims to investigate the penetration characteristics of rotigotine transdermal patches in different animal skins (mouse, rat, nude mouse, and pig skin) through in vitro transdermal penetration experiments, and to explore the effect of freezing treatment on skin penetration performance. The results showed that the 24-hour cumulative penetration amount of rotigotine transdermal patch in mouse skin was significantly higher than that in rat and nude mouse skin, with no significant difference between rat and nude mouse skin. Freezing treatment had no significant effect on the penetration amount in rat and nude mouse skin, but significantly reduced the penetration amount in mouse and pig skin, and the penetration amount in pig skin gradually decreased with the extension of freezing time. Meanwhile, there were differences in the initial penetration time and steady-state permeation rate of the drug among different animal skins. The results of this study provide a reference for the selection of animal models, optimization of freezing treatment conditions, and construction of IVIVC models in in vitro penetration experiments of rotigotine transdermal patches.
Transdermal penetration; Rotigotine transdermal patch; High-performance liquid chromatography.
The evolving landscape of cancer-causing viruses and clinical trials for vaccine development
Viral infections cause some of the world's most deadly cancers, including cervical, liver and nasopharyngeal cancers. In this review, we spotlight the major oncogenic viruses (HPV, HBV/HCV, EBV and others) describing their mechanisms of carcinogenesis and pathogenetic impact. With a primary focus on the landscape of vaccine development, we review preventative vaccines that have had broad success in reducing cancer (for HPV and HBV). The study also includes an overview of current Phase I and II clinical trials for both prophylactic and immunotherapeutic vaccines against viral infections like EBV, HCV, and HTLV-1. Although substantial hurdles remain, especially for viruses with high genetic diversity, the research underscores encouraging progress in mRNA-, DNA- and T-cell-based immunotherapies and the pivotal need for further research to ultimately conquer global cancer.
Oncogenic Viruses; Cancer Vaccines; Clinical Trials; HPV; Immunotherapy.
Role of Mitochondrial Autophagy in Cell Aging and Its Molecular Mechanism
Cell aging is the basis of organism aging, which is closely related to many aging-related diseases. Mitochondria, as the energy factory of cells, its function decline and damage play a key role in the process of cell aging. Mitochondrial autophagy is an intracellular quality control mechanism to selectively remove damaged mitochondria, which can delay cell aging by maintaining mitochondrial function and intracellular homeostasis. This paper reviews the role of mitochondrial autophagy in cell aging and its molecular mechanism. Mitochondrial autophagy is closely related to the occurrence of aging-related diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and heart failure, and activating mitochondrial autophagy can prolong the life of model organisms. The molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial autophagy mainly include ubiquitin-dependent pathway (PINK1/Parkin pathway) and non-ubiquitin-dependent pathway (NIX, BNIP3, FUNDC1-mediated autophagy), and are regulated by AMPK/mTOR, Sirtuin and other signal pathways. In addition, metabolic state and nutritional signals finely regulate the dynamic process of mitochondrial autophagy through energy perception mechanism. Although mitochondrial autophagy shows great potential in delaying aging and treating diseases, its clinical application still faces many challenges. Future research needs to further explore the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial autophagy, develop more accurate intervention methods, and verify its safety and effectiveness through clinical trials, so as to promote the development of anti-aging and disease treatment strategies.
mitochondrial autophagy; cell senescence; molecular mechanism; PINK1/Parkin.
The Growing Threat of Antibiotic Resistance: A Public Health Crisis
Antibiotic resistance is a mounting worldwide health crisis that undermines the very foundations of modern medicine. During these practices, prescription and overprescription of antibiotics in healthcare, noncompliance with the therapy by the patient, mass usage in agriculture, environmental pollution, and the contemporary increment of international travel contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance. It explores how infectious diseases—particularly in the developing world—share the blame through mismanagement and ailing health systems. The misuse of antibiotics to treat viral infections, particularly during events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, has led to an increase in resistance. The paper emphasizes strategies to combat this increasingly urgent risk: implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs, reforming antibiotic use in agriculture, investing in establishing new drugs and vaccines, improving global surveillance, and educating the public. These comprehensive solutions—grounded in a One Health perspective—are critically and urgently needed to curb resistance, protect current treatments, and preserve global health security against newly emerging bacterial challenges.
antibiotic resistance, hygiene, medication, environmental contamination, agriculture, indiscriminate use of antibiotics in food-producing animals.
Semaglutide as a Novel Therapeutic Agent for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are becoming more common around the world, creating serious health and economic challenges. There is a growing need for treatments that are not only effective but also safe and easy to use over a long period. In recent years, a group of drugs called glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists （GLP-1RA） has gained attention for their ability to lower blood sugar and support weight loss. One of the most promising of these drugs is semaglutide, which has shown strong results in both clinical studies and real-world use. However, some parts of how semaglutide works in the body are still not fully understood, especially its effects in different groups of people and over many years of treatment. This article reviews semaglutide’s development, including how scientists changed its structure to make it last longer in the body and resist breakdown. It explains how semaglutide works to lower blood glucose, reduce appetite, and help with weight loss by acting on both the pancreas and the brain. It also compares semaglutide to other similar drugs and explains why it is more effective and widely used. These findings help researchers better understand semaglutide and how it could lead to better treatments for metabolic diseases. Still, future studies should explore its long-term safety, how it works in different patients, and how it could be combined with other therapies to improve results.
Semaglutide; GLP-1 receptor agonists; obesity.
Evolving Paradigms in Low-Template DNA Analysis: From Fixed Analytical Thresholds to Probabilistic Modeling
Inferring conclusions in low-template DNA (LT-DNA) profiles is a very difficult task in forensic genetics. The analytical threshold (AT), which distinguishes allele signals from noise, is the most important parameter for the quality of these profiles. This paper recounts the development of the AT, beginning as a fixed value and progressing to a parameter in complex probabilistic models. It explains how the intrinsic difficulty of LT-DNA, especially the stochastic nature, revealed the ineffectiveness of fixed-threshold schemes, that suffer from an information recovery vs noise introduction tradeoff. This challenge led to the development of the probabilistic genotyping systems (PGS), which evaluate evidence through continuous models, taking all signal information into account. While PGS has proven to be the powerful tool for the interpretation of difficult co-mingled DNA, it has added complexity when: software validation; inter-system variability; and court room communication are considered. In this review, it aims to highlight that signal interpretation can be redefined by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and machine learning (ML), where NGS and ML are transforming a view on the cellular state to bring the closer to a threshold free analysis. The development of the AT is indicative of the maturation of the field of trace evidence towards a greater focus on accuracy and serves to demonstrate that rigorous validation and standardization protocols are necessary to guide the appropriate use of this valuable forensic technology.
Forensic Genetics; Low-Template DNA (LT-DNA); Analytical Threshold (AT); Probabilistic Genotyping Systems (PGS); DNA Mixture Interpretation; Forensic Science.
Different Rehabilitation Treatment Methods Used at Meniscus Injury
Meniscus injury (MI) refers to a series of clinical symptoms resulting from the structural damage of the meniscus in the knee joint, which is caused by factors such as external forces or degeneration. This study aimed to explore the clinical efficacy and rehabilitation significance of rehabilitation treatment methods, including exercise therapy, physical therapy, and balance training, for patients with MI. By comparing the interventions of multiple rehabilitation treatment methods on MI patients and conducting systematic research, conclusions were drawn. The research results demonstrated that the three rehabilitation treatment methods, namely exercise therapy, physical therapy, and balance training, exhibited significant effects on the rehabilitation of MI patients. These methods not only effectively alleviated patients' clinical symptoms and restored knee joint function but also enhanced muscle strength and tone, increased joint range of motion, and enabled patients to perform daily activities and various sports. After a certain period of treatment, patients were able to achieve functional recovery and reintegrate into society and family more effectively. Compared with other treatment modalities, rehabilitation treatment was characterized by simplicity of operation, high safety, and low economic burden, presenting distinct advantages. The findings of this study can provide valuable data references for hospitals and therapists, facilitating the optimization of treatment plans in future work. It also offers an important basis for the rehabilitation treatment of MI patients, playing a positive role in promoting the development of rehabilitation treatment for meniscus injury.
Knee; Rehabilitation; Multiple rehabilitation treatment methods.
Covalent Inhibitors Targeting FabH: A Cutting-edge Strategy in the Development of Novel Antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance has become a global public health crisis, and there is an urgent need to develop new mechanism antibacterial drugs targeting specific targets of bacteria. β -ketoacyl-ACP synthase Ⅲ (FabH) inhibitors have shown great potential to overcome bacterial resistance and have become an emerging hot field in the research and development of anti-infective drugs. And unlike traditional reversible inhibitors (relying on transient non-covalent interactions), covalent inhibitors can form stable covalent bonds to achieve irreversible inhibition of the target. This combination method brings significant advantages (such as long-term effectiveness and high efficiency, etc.). This article systematically reviews the uniqueness of FabH, analyzes the chemical structure and application of representative covalent inhibitors of FabH, dissects the mechanism of action of covalent inhibitors and the clinical evidence that FabH can be used as a covalent inhibitory target. The research on covalent inhibitors based on FabH provides a promising new approach for the development of the next generation of novel antibiotics that are highly efficient, narrow-spectrum and less prone to drug resistance.
Antibiotic resistance; Fatty acid synthesis; FabH; FabH inhibitor; Covalent inhibitor; Development of antibacterial drugs.
Clinical Progress of Targeted KRAS Drugs Combined with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog (KRAS) is one of the important drivers of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Although there has been progress in the development of targeted KRAS drugs, single-targeted therapy has limited effects due to the complexity of mutations. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have poor efficacy in common pancreatic cancer patients. Therefore, the combined treatment strategy of the two has attracted attention. By means of the targeted drugs to inhibit the tumor signaling pathway and the immune inhibitors to synergistically enhance the anti-cancer ability of the immune system, it is expected to improve the therapeutic effect. However, it faces challenges such as drug resistance and increased toxic and side effects, which urgently need to be studied and solved. Through analyzing the recent research progress, this study found that the microenvironment of pancreatic cancer is complex and immunosuppressive, and KRAS mutations will exacerbate this characteristic. By improving the function of antigen-presenting cells and reducing the influence of immunosuppressive cells, etc., the microenvironment can be improved. The combined use of KRAS inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors can reverse immunosuppression, increase the infiltration of effector T cells, and improve the clinical efficacy. In the future, the combined treatment strategies developed based on relevant research are expected to bring more hope for refractory tumors.
Pancreatic cancer; KRAS mutation; Targeted therapy; Immune checkpoint inhibitor; Combined treatment strategy.
Advances In The Application Of Click Chemistry In The Research Of Targeted Therapeutic Drugs
Click chemistry has become an important tool in the research of targeted therapeutic drugs due to its high efficiency, specificity and mild reaction conditions. Cancer, as one of the major diseases that endanger human health, urgently needs more accurate and efficient treatment methods. Traditional targeted therapeutic methods have the problems of poor selectivity and easy to cause serious side effects, while click chemistry significantly improves the specificity and effect of treatment by efficiently connecting drugs with targeting ligands (such as antibodies, peptides, small molecules, etc.). Especially in the development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and nanodrug delivery systems, click chemistry not only optimizes the synthesis process, but also improves the stable release of drugs at the tumor site and reduces systemic toxicity. In addition, nanocarriers constructed based on click chemistry can further improve the targeting and bioavailability of drugs and achieve more effective treatment. Although the application of click chemistry in vivo still faces challenges such as reaction conditions, biocompatibility and safety, with the development of bioorthogonal reaction systems and the continuous emergence of new reactions, the application potential of click chemistry in the targeted therapy field will continue to expand. In the future, click chemistry is expected to be combined with cutting-edge technologies such as nanomedicine, immunotherapy, and artificial intelligence-assisted drug design to promote personalized and precision medicine to a higher level.
Click chemistry; cancer; biomedical applications.
Nature as Medicine: Exploring Health Benefits of Forest Bathing
The accelerating rate of urbanisation correlates with an increase in mental health issues, including anxiety and depression. While pharmacological treatments remain common, they come with side effects and limited long-term efficacy. In recent years, nature-based interventions, particularly forest bathing (Shinrin-yoku), have received increasing attention for their potential psychological and physiological benefits. However, the application of such nature-based public health strategy remains limited, and more future research is needed. This paper evaluates several current research in the benefits and application of forest bathing, with a special focus on the integration of forest bathing into China’s public health framework. Based on empirical studies and theoretical models like Attention Restoration Theory and Stress Recovery Theory, this review examines how forest bathing contributes to emotional regulation, cortisol reduction, cardiovascular improvement, and immune system enhancement. It also analysis the efficacy of forest bathing in vulnerable populations including students, elders, and urban residents. By analyzing the research findings and cultural background of forest bathing in China through the traditional “Yang Sheng” practices, this paper argues for a broader application of this strategy in mental health improvement, elderly care, and urban planning. Future research s needed to develop standardized guidelines, address inequality in green space access, and long-term clinical outcomes in diverse populations.
Forest bathing; mental health; public health strategy.
Progress in the study of drug resistance mechanism of Salmonella
Foodborne Salmonella is a Gram-negative bacteria that is widely spread globally and is capable of causing typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and poisoning in the human body. Meanwhile, Salmonella is one of the four leading causes of diarrheal diseases worldwide. More and more reports indicate that the status of Salmonella resistance to antibiotics is not optimistic. Studies have shown that the resistance mechanisms of Salmonella is related to enzyme inactivation, efflux pumps, removable progenitors, and biofilm changes. In terms of rapid detection, the new generation of molecular techniques and detection methods, such as biosensors, have dramatically shortened the detection times and reduced the cost of Salmonella detection in food. In this paper, we will reveal the complex resistance mechanisms of Salmonella to antibiotics by integrating the latest advances in global research and the latest development direction of Salmonella detection technology.
Salmonella, Antimicrobial Resistance, Multidrug Resistance, Mechanisms of Drug Resistance.
Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance: Evidence-Based Strategies And Innovations
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global public health challenge, involving complex interactions across medical, environmental, economic, and social domains. This study integrates multidisciplinary perspectives, utilising literature reviews and case analyses to examine the current state and challenges of AMR, critique the limitations of existing strategies, and propose innovative solutions based on cutting-edge research. The study finds that environmental resistance genes, as emerging pollutants, pose underestimated threats to ecosystems and human health. Cross-disciplinary collaboration demonstrates significant advantages in AMR governance. This research proposes the establishment of a "Global Health Compact on AMR" and the integration of AI with precision medicine as innovative directions, providing theoretical support and practical solutions for global AMR governance, thereby contributing to addressing this critical issue.
Antimicrobial resistance; One Health; Environmental resistance genes; Precision medicine; AI-driven drug discovery; Global governance.
Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Tumor Therapy
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation therapy (HSCT) has achieved remarkable results in the treatment of various malignant tumors, especially leukemia and other hematologic diseases. However, it still faces some problems in clinical application. They mainly include graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), transplantation-related mortality (TRM), difficulties in donor matching, risk of disease recurrence, and high treatment costs and technical requirements. However, with the recent development of hemi-compatible donor and cord blood transplantation technology and the advancement of GVHD prevention and treatment technology, HSCT is on the way to becoming safer and more efficient, but how to ensure the efficacy while reducing the consequences of complications is still an important direction for future research.
HSCT; cancer; immune therapy; GVHD; transplant-related mortality.
Bridging Traditional Wisdom and Modern Diagnostics: Optimizing Chronic Kidney Disease Management through Technological Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major and increasing issue for public health around the world and places a heavy burden on healthcare systems globally. Current western medical (WM) treatments are relatively developed but still face difficulties in stopping the advancement of the disease and addressing the complete and complicated symptomatology of the disease at later stages. Meanwhile, the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that comes with a whole-istic philosophy and rich experience over many years in treating diseases of the kidneys can work hand-in-hand with the accurate diagnoses and application therapies of WM to improve the outcomes for patients and make their quality of life better. Some among them are the rapid development of modern technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data analytics, wearable devices, and multi-omics technologies that can bridge the gap between the experiential knowledge inherent in TCM's pattern differentiation and WM's diagnostic precision, offering possibilities for realizing TCM theory as well as paving ways for making individualized and integrative treatment plans. This paper will review the existing CKD management within both WM and TCM paradigms, elaborate on how different modern technologies can foster integration in CKD diagnosis and treatment then explore the potential future prospects of this integrative model for optimizing CKD care.
Chronic Kidney Disease; Integrative Medicine; Traditional Chinese Medicine; Western Medicine; Modern Technology.
Advances in Immunotherapy of Biomarkers for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Radiomics
With the development of immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), it has become increasingly crucial to evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapy and screen for the beneficiary population. However, how to use radiomics to screen suitable immune checkpoint markers and analyze immunotherapy prognosis is still lacking in-depth research. In this study, the basic concepts of radiomics were explored and biomarkers were analyzed in combination with computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET/CT). Considering programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status and tumor mutational load in patients receiving immunotherapeutic treatment, We developed a deep learning model that is non-invasive and analyzed relevant studies to screen for suitable biomarkers. In addition, we analyzed the effect of tumor immune microenvironment profile (TIME profile) on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) response, providing valuable parameters for cell cycle-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) therapy in advanced patients, and investigated the risk assessment for pneumonia linked to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIP). All things considered, radiomics can help support clinically tailored treatment and is very useful in forecasting the effectiveness and side effects of immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC.
Radiomics; Non-small cell lung cancer; Biomarkers; Immunotherapy.
Research Status And Development Trend Of Monoclonal Antibodies For Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for 80% of cases. Traditional chemotherapy faces limitations such as non-specific cytotoxicity, transient efficacy, and resistance due to tumor heterogeneity. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as transformative agents, offering targeted therapy with improved specificity and reduced toxicity. Recent advancements include immune checkpoint inhibitors anti-angiogenic agent, and innovative formats such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and bispecific antibodies. Despite progress, challenges persist in overcoming resistance mechanisms, optimizing combination therapies, and expanding biomarker-driven approaches. This article analyzes the evolution of mAbs in NSCLC treatment, focusing on their mechanisms, clinical application, and new developments. The study underscores the role of mAbs in enabling precision medicine through multi-target inhibition, synergistic combinations, and adaptive trial designs. These advancements provide a roadmap for personalized NSCLC management, yet unresolved issues include resistance to EGFR/ALK inhibitors, optimal ADC linker stability, and heterogeneity in treatment response. Future research should prioritize novel targets, integrate multi-omics for biomarker discovery, and refine immunomodulatory strategies to transform NSCLC into a chronic manageable disease.
Non-small-cell lung cancer, monoclonal antibodies, target therapy.
Mechanism And Application Status Of CAR-T Cell Immunotherapy
With the continuous increase in the incidence and mortality of cancer, finding more accurate and effective treatment methods has become an important direction of medical research. As an important technological breakthrough in the field of tumor treatment in recent years, chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) immunotherapy transforms T cells through genetic engineering to enable them to specifically recognize and kill tumor cells, overcoming many limitations of traditional treatment methods such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. This article systematically introduces the basic principles and mechanisms of CAR-T cell immunotherapy, and reviews its clinical application and initial results in hematological malignancies. At the same time, this article also deeply analyzes the challenges currently faced by CAR-T therapy in clinical promotion, including the impact of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment on efficacy, the difficulty in controlling side effects such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity, and the high cost of treatment. To address these challenges, researchers are actively exploring improvement strategies such as multi-target CAR-T cells and "armored" CAR-T cells. Looking to the future, CAR-T cell therapy is expected to achieve a wider range of disease applications, and make greater breakthroughs in ensuring safety and improving treatment effects, becoming one of the core forces in anti-tumor treatment.
CAR-T cells; immunotherapy; tumor microenvironment.
Effect of Resveratrol on Major Gynecological Tumors
Breast cancer (BC), cervical cancer (CC), endometrial cancer (EC), and ovarian cancer (OC) are the four most common tumors in women, which seriously threaten women's lives. However, the current mainstream treatment approaches are accompanied by great side effects, and related drugs are scarce. In recent years, researchers have discovered that RES has multiple biological functions and can intervene in the occurrence and development of common gynecological tumors through various pathways, such as inducing cell apoptosis, regulating cell autophagy, affecting cell migration and invasion, and reversing treatment tolerance. However, the instability of RES limits its clinical application, and clinical studies are relatively limited. This paper summarizes and analyzes the mechanism of RES against common gynecological tumors and concludes that RES has great research prospects but certain limitations in its application. It can also provide relevant personnel with a certain theoretical basis and research direction reference, as well. At present, the problems of RES stability and lack of clinical research have not been solved. In the future, we can start with drug development and clinical trials.
The mechanism and effects of traditional Chinese medicine in treating diseases through the regulation of intestinal microbiota
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a traditional medical system based on natural plants, animals and minerals, emphasizing holistic regulation and treating both symptoms and root causes. In recent years, the role of TCM in regulating the intestinal microbiota has become a research hotspot. By analyzing 80 articles, this paper summarizes the regulatory effects of 48 TCM single herbs or compound preparations on the intestinal microbiota, involving 67 target sites. Among them, core microbiota such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia are frequently regulated. Studies have shown that TCM improves host metabolism (such as diabetes and obesity) and repairs intestinal barrier function through short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acid metabolism axis (FXR/TGR5). In addition, TCM has shown significant regulatory effects on the microbiota in digestive system diseases, neurological diseases and immune inflammatory diseases. However, current research has limitations such as the gap between animal models and clinical translation, insufficient research on the mechanism of compound preparations, and individual differences. Future research can further promote the development and modernization of TCM.
Traditional Chinese medicine; Gut microbiota; Short-chain fatty acids; Bile acid metabolism; Multi-target regulation.
Local Polio Eradication Programs in Key Endemic Regions in Pakistan: A Scoping Review
This scoping review aims to identify and map the existing programs deployed in Pakistan to improve polio vaccination rates and understand the factors contributing to the persistent challenges in eradicating the disease. The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews. A comprehensive search of PubMed was conducted, limited to publications within the last 6 years (2019-2025), yielding 96 publications. Data extraction and synthesis focused on program descriptions, target populations, implementation timeframes, geographic regions, and reported successes or shortcomings. The review provides a landscape of polio eradication efforts in Pakistan, highlighting gaps and opportunities for future interventions. The review identifies that complete eradication of polio in Pakistan is inhibited by a lack local strategies to target specific context. Such contexts can have barriers that are circumstantial or systemic. Circumstantial problems refer to unavoidable environments that deter vaccination efforts, such as the incidence of natural disasters that destroy sanitation systems or the prevalence of terrorism in a region, deeming it unsafe for healthcare workers to enter. Systemic problems are structural issues that lead to the spread of vaccine hesitancy, which is often rooted in significant mistrust for the healthcare sector. This may reflect both a lack of trust in healthcare stemming from limited access to basic medical facilities and misinformation fueled by conspiracy theories embedded within religious, social, or political narratives. In either case, the most effective response is one that is context-specific, drawing on community resources to rebuild trust and strengthen healthcare systems.