Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Review, Challenge and Future Prospect
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62051/meg6n461Keywords:
ICIs; PD-1/PD-L1; CTLA-4; resistance; irAEs.Abstract
As known, Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are an emerging pillar of immunotherapy, which significantly reduce toxicity compared to traditional therapies. By blocking immune checkpoint-related signaling pathways, ICIs relieve T-cell suppression and activate anti-tumor immune responses. Nowadays, ICIs have achieved desirable effects in a wide range of advanced cancers, and many new blocking targets have entered clinical trials. However, the clinical application of ICIs continues to face dual challenges: therapeutic resistance and immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which persist as significant obstacles to their broader clinical implementation. Current research focuses on biomarker screening, and optimization of combination therapy strategies, aiming to achieve precision immunotherapy. Investigating the mechanisms underlying drug resistance and the pathogenesis of irAEs could provide critical insights for optimizing clinical dosing regimens and improving therapeutic outcomes. This review integrates the targets, and clinical applications, and focuses on challenges and directions for the development of ICIs.
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